TRACTORS- TYPES AND CARE AND MAINTAINANCE

 

Farm tractors and their management

5.1 Tractors and its types

5.2 Care and maintenance of tractor

TRACTOR:

A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.

Or,.  

A powerful motor vehicle with large rear wheels, used chiefly on farms for hauling equipment and trailers is called Tractor.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS

Tractors can be classified into three classes on the basis of structural design

1. Wheel tractor
2. crawler tractor
3. walking type tractor

Wheel tractor
Tractors having three or four pneumatic wheels are called wheel tractors. Four wheel tractors are popular everywhere

Three wheeler	four wheeler

Crawler tractor
This type is also called Track type tractor or Chain type tractor. In such tractors , there is endless chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels.

fig-crawler tractor

Power tiller
Power tiller is a walking type tractor. This tractor is usually fitted with two wheels only. The direction of travel and its controls for field operation is performed by the operator, walking behind the tractor.

power tiller

Classification of wheel tractors
On the basis of purpose, wheeled tractors are classified into three groups
a. General purpose tractor

b. Row crop tractor
c. Special purpose tractor

a) General purpose tractor

It is used for major farm operations such as ploughing, sowing, harvesting and transporting works.

Such tractors have i) low ground clearance ii)Increased engine power iii) good adhesion and iv) wide tyres.

Fig: TRANSPORTING OF STRAW

 !! 😂😂SOME VIDEO'S EXAMPLE:-

HOW PEOPLE USE THIS TYPES OF TRACTOR?

b) Row crop tractors
It is used for row crop cultivation. Such tractor is provided with replaceable driving wheels of different tread widths. It has high ground clearance to save damage of crops. Wide wheel track can be adjusted to suit inter row distance.

c) Special purpose tractor
It is used for definite jobs like cotton fields, marshy lands, hill sides, garden etc. special designs are there for special purpose tractor.
Eg. a) Tractor with winch unit b) multi drive tractor c) tractor for golf grounds etc.

Tractor with winch unit	Multi drive tractors	Tractor for golf grounds

SELECTION OF TRACTOR
Selection of tractors depend up on following factors

1. Land holding: Under a single cropping pattern, it is normally recommended to consider 1 hp for every 2 hectare of land. In other words , one tractor 20-25 hp is suitable for 40 hectare farm
2. Cropping pattern: Generally 1.5 hectare/hp has been recommended where adequate irrigation facility are available and more than one crop is taken. So a 30-35 hp tractor is suitable for 40 hectare of land.
3. Soil condition: A tractor with less wheel base , higher ground clearance and low overall weight may work successfully in lighter soils buy will not be able to give sufficient depth in black cotton soils
4. Climatic condition: For very hot zone and desert area , air cooled engines are preferred over water cooled engines. Similarly for higher altitude air cooled engines are preferred because water cooled engines are liable to be frozen at high altitudes
5. Repair facilities: It should be ensured that the tractor to be purchased has a dealer at near by place with all the technical skills for repair and maintenance of the machine.
6. Running cost: Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred over others so that the running cost may be less.
7. Initial cost and resale value: While keeping the resale value in mind , the initial cost should not be very high, otherwise higher amount of interest have to be paid

WHEEL TRACTOR
Components

1. I.C Engine
2. Clutch
3. Transmission gears
4. Differential unit
5. Final drive
6. Real wheel
7. Front wheels
8. Steering mechanism
9. Hydraulic control and hitch system
10. Brakes
11. Power-take-off unit
12. Tractor pulley
13. Draw bar and
14. Control panel.

CRAWLER TRACTOR
A crawler tractor is a vehicle that runs on continuous tracks instead of wheels.

In agriculture they are used for land clearing and  land leveling works. 

The principal advantages of crawler tractor over wheeled tractors are that they are in contact with a larger surface area than the wheeled tractor, and as a result exert a much lower force per unit area on the ground than a conventional wheeled tractor of the same weight. 

Crawler tractor or chain type tractor has the following characterizes

1. It is designed to secure good adhesion and transmit high drawbar pull in difficult field conditions, where wheel tractors fail to secure adequate grip on the soil.

2. It provides large area of contact with the ground.

3. It is useful at places where adhesion is difficult and rolling resistance is high.

4. It is most suited for heavy work, specially earth moving work and reclamation work.

5. It is used for all types of agricultural works with heavy implements.

 Crawler type tractors mainly consists of

1. Track frame assembly 

2. Track chain

3. Steering clutch

4. steering brake

POWER TILLER

It is a prime mover in which the direction of travel and its control for field operation is performed by the operator walking behind it. It is also known as Hand tractor or walking type tractor. 

The concept of power tiller came in the world in the year 1920. Japan is the

first country to use power tiller on large scale. In Japan , the first successful model of

power tiller was designed in the year 1947.

In agricultural power tillers are used for ploughing, sowing, spraying, harvesting and transporting works. It is the most wanted machine for puddling operation in rice cultivation.

Components of power tiller

1. Engine 

2. Transmission gears

3. Clutch 

4. Brakes

5. Rotary unit

All power tillers are fitted with an I.C. engine. At present makes like Kubota,

Mitsubishi, Krishi, Yanmar and Satoh use diesel engine. Iseki make use kerosene

engine.

Operation of a power tiller ( power transmission in a power tiller)

For operation of power tiller, the power is obtained from the I>C engine, fitted on the

power tiller. The engine power goes to the main clutch with the help of belt or chain.

From main clutch power is divided in two routes, one goes to transmission geras,

steering clutch and the to wheels. The other component goes to the tilling clutch and

then to tilling attachment .V- belt pulley is usually used to transmit power from the engine to the main clutch

Main clutch: Power goes from engine to main clutch through V- belt – pulley

arrangement

Transmission gears: Transmission gears consists of gears, shafts, and bearings.

Transmission gears reduce speed of the engine and increase the torque at the wheels.

Brakes: All power tillers have braking arrangement for stopping the movement of power

tiller.

Wheels: Usually two to four ply pneumatic tyre are used in power tillers for the wheels.

The inflation pressure ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 kg/cm2

.

Rotary unit: Power tillers have a rotary unit for field operation. Rotary tines are used in

rotary unit for soil cutting and pulverizing purposes. 

Rotary tines are of three types

a) Straight tines b) Curved tines

c) L shape blades

Uses

a) For puddling operation in paddy fields- using rotary tines

b) For cutting and pulverizing the soil in dry lands and in garden lands

c) For cutting and pulverizing the stubbles of sugarcane, maize and cotton

d) For sowing and inter-cultivation works

e) For spraying of orchard trees

f) For transporting purposes

Care and maintenance of tractor

1. Go through the owner’s manual:

Every manufacturer gives buyers a user manual that gives instructions about taking care of equipment. So, make sure you get the owner’s manual and follow those tips. It includes maintenance schedule, specifications, location of all parts of equipment, and basic operating instructions.

2. Obtain all the maintenance tools:

Maintenance of tractor needs a different set of tools than the ones we need for automobile maintenance. So, make sure you borrow or buy a wrench and all other tools you need to take care of your tractor.

3. Protect the tractor from rain:

Make sure you protect your tractor from rain; especially the exhaust system, seat, and instruments. So, either keep it in a garage or cover it well.

4. Check fluids regularly:

If any part of the tractor is leaking, the damage may cost a fortune. Refer to the owner’s manual to determine what parts need to be checked. You must check the engine oil, coolant, battery electrolyte, transmission fluid, and the hydraulic oil.

5. Ensure right air pressure in tires:

All tractors do not need same inflation pressure. Even in the same tractor, the front and rear tires might need different pressure. So, check the air pressure at regular intervals.

6. Watch out for the brakes:

Mostly all tractors have automatic brakes. All you need to do is make sure your braking system is lubricated and works well. If your braking system is not in place, you have to get it fixed or replaced as soon as possible.

7. Keep an eye on filters:

Dirt and dust can contaminate the system and cause a failure of components. There are filters in tractors to protect the system against these contaminants. It is advisable to check the fuel filter as well as air filter often. Clean it or replace it if it cannot be cleaned up to the mark.

8. Lubricate often:

In order for the tractor to function well, it needs to be well lubricated. Make sure, you check the oil level regularly and use heavy duty lubricants. Avoid oils that are used for cars and other light vehicles. Look for the parts of the tractor that move, clean them, and grease them.

9. Do not overload:

It is advisable to make use of a recommended size attachment for whatever job you are doing. Make sure you do not overload your tractor or it will wear out soon.

The Life of your tractor depends upon how well you maintain it. Make sure you follow the above-mentioned tips and maintain the tractor to make the most of it.

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